Ultralight aircraft fabric. e. Applied using the Superflite U500 adhesive and shrunk with an iron at three temperatures – 250º, 300º, and 350º. On certified aircraft, it is only approved for covering plywood surfaces. It is not approved for certified aircraft except on plywood surfaces. Our light-weight fabric is recommended for covering plywood surfaces on any aircraft and any ultralight aircraft that is not certified. Jun 12, 2008 · The aircraft found in this category are ultralights, very light aircraft, gliders, most Light Sport Aircraft and kit aircraft with engines of less than 65 horsepower. 00 per month! Visit - / lightsportandultralightflyer The aircraft was manufactured in 1982, and the accident pilot purchased it, ready to fly, in 1983. The use of fabric covering on an aircraft offers one primary advantage: light weight. net or see our website at www. Add to cart Category: buy Part-103 ultralight plans Tags: 1 SEAT, FABRIC, LE PELICAN, PART103, PLANS AND INFORMATION SET FOR HOMEBUILD AIRCRAFT, SIMPLE AND CHEAP, TUBE, ULTRALIGHT Ceconite Fabric Ceconite 101 Extra heavy-duty fabric recommended for the most severe operating conditions and very high-wing loading aircraft. Both fabrics come in three different weights. Experience unbound freedom by flying an ultralight. Feb 14, 2018 · Greetings, If your goal was to cover ultralight wings with the minimum weight, what would you choose? Oratex certainly claims to be the winner for lightweight, which goes hand in hand with being the most expensive, and hardest to get. Construction It is very easy to build one of our ultralights from plans, and even easier to build using one of our kits. The experimental builder will find a number of fabric covering systems to choose from, but most of them use very similar procedures. It’s part of the reason we elect to build our own—to do so for less than it costs to buy a new or used series-built design, to save us money on maintenance and to make the outcome uniquely ours. Some background: Most ultralights are open-air and tube & fabric construction powered by a 2-stroke engine. The Superflite fabrics are certified for use with any STC'd coating system. Our plans packages have been With the advent of the ultralight, a number of people have used alternative methods of fabric attachment including cementing the fabric to ribs. Priced and sold by the yard. North Wing manufactures high quality, weight shift control Light Sport Aircraft, Ultralight Trikes, Trike Wings, and Hang Gliders that are fun to fly. This fabric will be unstamped. It is certified in Europe and Canada, and May 28, 2025 · When it comes to building ultralight aircraft, the choice of materials is a critical decision that impacts performance, safety, and cost. 4503 published in the Ceconite Procedure Manual 101. AIRCRAFT FABRIC COVERING Aircraft Fabric Covering is a must for anyone who wants to cover their own airplane. one linear yard equals 36″ by 72″) Superflite 104 Uncertified Fabric: Ceconite Fabric Uncertified Lite Light-weight fabric is recommended for covering plywood surfaces on any aircraft and any ultralight aircraft that is not certified. 2. All sail sets come complete with tail feathers a Powered fixed-wing ultralights vary from basic open-frame designs at one end to fully enclosed cockpits and streamlined designs at the other. Fabric cov-ering is not hard to do. Nov 23, 2024 · Fabrics and plastics are integral materials in building an ultralight aircraft, known for their lightweight and durable characteristics. It requires no sealer, no UV coating, no primer, no paint — no coatings whatsoever. But which of the "Breezy" types can be covered in this fashion? Aircraft fabric covering is a term used for both the material used and the process of covering aircraft open structures. Dacron, many of them from the original OEM sail patterns. Used mainly for warbirds and bush planes (FAA-Approved Fabric). 104 Light is uncertified and is only legal on ultralights, experimental aircraft, gliders, and as a laminate over plywood on certified aircraft. Perhaps you have Sep 22, 2019 · The advertisement for my Murphy Maverick said metal fuselage with metal and fabric wings. The sailcloth is pre-sewn with pockets for the ribs. The most significant benefit lies in its lightweight construction which can reduce an The aircraft was manufactured in 1982, and the accident pilot purchased it, ready to fly, in 1983. Oratex comes ready to use with all necessary coatings already applied. Sails were indeed "sail cloth" and did not need to be "doped', it was an airtight flexible fabric that aided in disassemble/storage of the aircraft, think "hang glider". (Ex. Poly-Fiber Fabric Uncertified Light 1. Another problem recently encountered on the MX is that of the fabric on the horizontal stabilizer becoming very loose. This method is for the Challenger II standard wing and Challenger I standard May 31, 2020 · Aircraft can be expensive, everyone knows that. 9 oz. Please submit any corrections or additions by clicking on the appropriate link. 79 oz. Push on it with a finger reasonably hard - if it tears or leaves a permanent depression after removing the finger then the fabric needs replacing - not repairing. A plans built or kit built wood and fabric ultralight offers you numerous benefits over other options available. Poly-Fiber is not particularly sensitive to heat, cold, or humidity during application or throughout its service life. Improvements in Ultralight Company "Badland Aircraft" Owner, Chris Deuel, shows us around his latest creation. per sq. one linear yard equals 36″ by 72″) Superflite 102 Certified Fabric Preferred Airparts Fabric Division is your aircraft covering specialist supplying poly fiber, fabric, and dopes. For example, the maxium weight of the aircraft cannot exceed 254 lbs empty. 125" carbon pultrusion "Graphlite" rods laid up as a secondary bond in the corners of the "C". The rods themselves were completely encased or "bedded" with a Ultralight Sails Aeroworks Aircraft These sails are made from the highest quality 3. The Aerolite 103 is a professionally built, ready-to-fly, legal Part 103 single-seat ultralight type aircraft. Material Requirements For Ultralight Aircraft MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS FOR ULTRALIGHT AIRCRAFT USING UNCERTIFIED LIGHT FABRIC Using Poly-Fiber Uncertified Light Fabric 25yds. Fabric Superflite offers three different polyester fabrics, all suitable for a variety of applications. Dacron sailcloth with good durability and excellent tear strength. The process for allowing flight training to continue . Superflite 102 Certified Fabric: Medium-weight 2. Ultralight aircraft wing failure, dacron fabric fails on ultralight aircraft wing. Weight is 1. I never had occasion to repair any latex-painted fabric, so I can’t comment on that. Take a course, take advice from an old aircraft maintenance engineer (AME) or A&P, or find Overview Superflite’s light weight fabric. These materials contribute to significant weight reduction while maintaining structural integrity, essential for efficient flight. It is not approved for certified aircraft except on plywood surface. The only part of the airplane most people will ever see is the outer layer of fabric. The May 1, 2000 · Covering an aircraft with fabric can be a frightening prospect. A builder may cover aircraft panels almost anywhere without risk, including an enclosed basement space or at the kitchen table. If the fabric has been properly treated with UV protection and the plane has been kept in a hanger then the Dacron might last for Aircraft Spruce is a worldwide distributor of certified and homebuilt aircraft supplies. There is no overspray, odor, fire, or chemical safety issue. NOT FAA certified. 7 ounces per square yard, making it perfect for ultralight applications. Return To Ultralight News Main Index Quicksilver MX Ultralight Aircraft Fabric Analysis The dacron fabric sail was not maintained in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations. Is there a home built device that will test the fabric? Thanks, Buzzman: Sail condition can be quite deceiving unless a proper test is performed. Some are obvious like the Fisher Koala 101 or 202 or other "Real plane" looking ultralights. For homebuilt aircraft only. Our plans packages have been SF102 Certified Polyester/Dacron Fabric – Supeflite 102 is an ultra-fine weave polyester/dacron fabric with a weave, thread count, and appearance almost matching grade A cloth, but it has the superior strength and durability of a synthetic cloth. com/lightsportandultralightflyer - Help support the Light Sport & Ultralight Flyer by becoming a Patron, contributions start at as littl We make Dacron sails for ultralight plane4oz. About 10 minutes later, after he had donned a jacket, the pilot took off again far another local flight. Made in the USA. No maintenance history of the aircraft was found; however, a sales receipt indicated that the dacron fabric wing sails were replaced in 1986. dacron. In most cases replacement can run into thousands of dollars and many hours of time. Q40162) If you are not sure about what you need please call our tech line and we’ll gladly assist. If you are building a fabric-covered aircraft, you have multiple fabrics to choose from: polyester, Dacron, Stits, Ceconite, Poly-Fiber, Superflite or Oratex. Superflite 101 Certified Fabric: Heavy-weight 3. Any sail which exhibits such damage is not airworthy. The SF102 fabric is 2. The designer (Spencer) is. Feb 1, 2019 · The wings fold in about 5 minutes for easy storage or transport. For enthusiasts and intermediate builders looking to explore the best options, understanding the technical details behind each material is essential. The SF104 is our lightweight non-certified fabric, measures 72 inches wide, and is sold by the linear yard. The aircraft had been kept in a barn on occasion. Our Mini-Max Aircraft Fabric Covering Kits are designed to provide everything you need to finish your aircraft with a lightweight, durable fabric skin. The landing gear consists of a one piece prefab aluminum slab made from 1/2 x 4 2024-T351 alloy. This 2-hour comprehensive video presents every aspect of the Poly-FiberTM fabric covering process in detail, and in easy-to-understand lan-guage. CAUTION: Before any covering, the user should make sure that he complies with the aircraft manufacturer’s documentation (service bulletins, material specifications, etc. The famous Wright Flyer utilized a fabric-covered wood frame in its design, and fabric covering continued to be used by many aircraft designers and builders during the early decades of production aircraft. Can’t be too hard, I thought… After 15 years, the metal fabrication was finished, and I was ready to tackle the fabric. 71" wide. ), to ensure the correct choice of the fabric according to the requirements of the techniques used. The LASER seals the cut to prevent fabric from Looking to build a new ultralight airplane? Or maybe even a very basic wood and fabric experimental aircraft that qualifies under the light sport regs? Simplex Aeroplanes is pleased to continue to offer aircraft plans and aircraft kits for both the Simplex Cloudster and Simplex Zing aircraft originally designed back in the mid-1990s by Scott Land of Pops Props. This generally results in the aircraft flying with a nose high attitude. This tester was developed by the Quicksilver engineers specifically for the 3. To add or update a listing in this section go to the Kits & Plans Addition Page. This fabric is easily shrunk by the application of heat from a calibrated household iron. All it Before you do - check the fabric elsewhere on the aircraft. Presewn, ready to install, no shrinking is required Construction Made of high tenacity Dacron fibers, 150 Warp x 250 Fill. Ultralight pilots choose to fly ultralights because: I am looking to compile a (reasonably) complete list of true 103 ultralights that can be covered by traditional fabric covering techniques (NOT pre sewn sails). 72" Width. Click RIB ENDS for clarification on the rib tips & ends. Get your kit ordered today. Once you have chosen, please add color information to the SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS box on the checkout page. Used primarily on ultralight and some experimental aircraft. CHALLENGER II—SECTION II We supply Dacron sailcloth socks to cover the wings, with heat shrinkable material attached to cover the wingtips. Belt tension tester, can be purchased with special end for testing fabric. Superflite manufactures three different styles of fabric for your aircraft covering needs. Unlike other systems, Oratex eliminates the need for additional sealers, primers, UV protection, or paint. There are 50 top coat colors in Poly-Tone and Aero-Thane. When ultralights started to turn into airplanes, Weedhopper, CGS Hawk and were no longer taken apart to be stored the flexible "fold-able fabric was not as important. 87 oz lightweight fabric recommended for covering ultralight aircraft. Aircraft fabric testing, ultralight aircraft sail fabric testing, how to test fabric on ultralights light sport aircraft. A 12 gallon fuel tank is enough for an entire afternoon of economical fun! Looking to build a new ultralight airplane? Or maybe even a very basic wood and fabric experimental aircraft that qualifies under the light sport regs? Simplex Aeroplanes is pleased to continue to offer aircraft plans and aircraft kits for both the Simplex Cloudster and Simplex Zing aircraft originally designed back in the mid-1990s by Scott Land of Pops Props. Featuring Aerolite 103 Aircraft. CAARS Sports Aircraft provides a wide range of products and services to meet your aviation needs. 7 oz per sq. per square yard, 72 inches wide Dacron/polyester fabric. The reason is very obvious, you have spent literally months and years building your prize-winning fabric covered airplane and now you are going to cover up all of that beautiful craftsmanship. Beaver SS Complete kit includes airframe, engine, engine accessories, 3 Bld GA prop, paint package, front brake, standard wheels, upright engine mount, instruments steerable nosewheel, ceconite fabric, adapts to floats and skis -flies like a charm! Contact us at paulette@junction. Poly-Fiber offers choices in fabric weights and types of top coat paints. com/ OEM replacement parts for all Quicksilver AircraftThe “Q” is for our inventory control and is followed by the “Quicksilver Part Number” From Your Assembly Manual. Often , an accident involving the wings, will make large tears in the sail, other than puncture tears. DACRON OVERVIEW The material is basically the standard Dacron used on ultralight airplanes. Ultralight Aircraft and Aircraft For Sale ClassifiedsE-LSA Trainer Owners! archived information for reference "Owners of E-LSA aircraft used for training, regardless if they are engaging in training operations or not, need to amend their aircraft’s airworthiness certificate by January 31, 2010, or it will expire and cannot be reissued. Ultralight aircraft with folding wings cyberbullying articles 2020. If this does not work the fabric should be replaced, or the tail Choosing Sail Color (s) Click Color Picker button below to choose fabric color (s). This has become somewhat common recently using the cements designed for fabric. If the blacks are grey and the reds are close to pink, the sail Aircraft fabric testing, ultralight aircraft sail fabric testing, how to test fabric on ultralights light sport aircraft. They’re depriving themselves of a very satisfying experience, and for no good reason. Remember your life depends on this fabric. Unlike many ultralights or LSAs, the Skyraider uses aircraft fabric for cover. This fabric is NOT FAA-Approved. This punch tester can be used on most aircraft and ultralight fabrics. Maule Fabric tester - A fine quality tool to test fabric covered aircraft for minimum FAA requirements without removing or punching holes in fabric. Aircraft sailcloth that is faded means it has been degraded by UV. https://www. The first project was to lay up a test wing spar panel to verify the design concept. These fabrics were pulled tight over the aircraft, sewn and stitched to the airframe, they then had various layers of Nitrate or Butyrate dopes applied which shrunk the fabric still further to make a tight finish, finishing paints were naturally applied last. Before buying a used ultralight aircraft ALWAYS check the fabric for strength and deterioriation. UV barrier Latex Paint, using Latex paint as a UV or ultra violet light barrier on aircraft, latex paints as UV barrier for ultralight aircraft fabric. A lightweight, medium firm 4 oz. May 1, 1994 · The notcher will cut a very precise, measurable joint that will overlap another tube. ca Our Standard Kit includes: Beaver SS Airframe Rotax 447 Engine - 40 hp Please remember, we are only trying to keep the fittings from falling off the rib, as once they are put on the wings, the fabric will keep them in position. 8 ounces per square yard, 72 inches wide. Notes: Bldg. Oratex® Aircraft Fabric Oratex offers significant advantages over other fabric covering systems such as Superflite, Polyfiber, Ceconite, Air-Tech-Coatings, Randolph Butyrate dope, etc. 30 yards is enough to cover the Affordaplane with leftovers. Materials are: C = composite, M = metal, W = wood, F = fabric, and T = tubing. yard. But this is mentioned in “Maximum Paint Job, Minimum Cost,” a 12/01 Kitplanes article by Kay Fellows about using latex paint on aircraft. This custom-woven fabric style is approved under STC SA4503NM and available for installation on approved certified aircraft as listed on FAA Approved Model List No. Sold in linear yard increments that are 72″ wide (i. Each kit includes enough material to complete a full Mini-Max build, along with the essential chemicals needed for proper adhesion and finishing. Aug 19, 2020 · For this process I used Uncertified 1. This can challenge any builder. It doesn't require any coating, which is nice, and your Irish linen made from flax or Grade A cotton became the favorites. These sails are guaranteed to fit properly. FAA-approved (stamped) for Type Aircraft fabric cleaning, cleaning ultralight aircraft sails, how to clean dacron sail cloth used on ultralights and light sport aircraft. https://betteraircraftfabric. Jun 19, 2024 · Colorful latex house paint saved weight and money (right). When you need heavy-weight fabric, we recommend and sell Superflite 101 fabric. How to Videos Ultralight Fabric Tester Video Air-Tech’s Bever Borne explains the use of the Q. It is essential that you protect the tubing, both internally and externally. Many ultralights and several <kit aircraft>s use aluminum tubing instead of steel tubing. UV PROTECTION The Dacron is known Listing By Aircraft Name, With Descriptions This section lists Kits and Plans currently available in alphabetical order by Aircraft Name. Fellows writes, “If you get a hole in the fabric, simply cut a piece of cloth athletic tape with pinking shears. Getting some direction for this is recommended. To determine where to place the aluminum ribs on each wing: First, the wing you are working with should be supported evenly on two sawhorses. This fabric is not stamped. Specialized in fabric covering for ultralight aircraft and sails for medium and small aquatic sailboats Learn more The Goal of This Manual We hate to see builders shy away from fabric-covered aircraft projects because they don’t think they can handle the covering and finishing. Each Aerolite is Fully Assembled, Factory Built Airframe, featuring your choice of color (s), Various Engine Configurations (see below), Reduction Drive, 2 Blade Tennessee Propeller, NoseFairing & Windscreen, Complete Panel with basic flight and engine instrument (airspeed, altimeter General History Fabric-covered aircraft play an important role in the history of aviation. Question: How can one tell if their old sails are still airworthy? My sails are a bit bleached, but seem quite strong. The Affordaplane is designed to comply with Part 103 FAA regulations that regulate ultralight aircraft equipment - if built to plans details. This article dives deep into the top materials for experimental ultralight aircraft, including aluminum Overview 1. Today’s methods and materials are huge improvements over what was available back in the ’30s. We are a company with more than 30 years of experience. The spar itself was a "C" section shear web with . The aircraft was manufactured in 1982, and the accident pilot purchased it, ready to fly, in 1983. Aluminum tubing is difficult to weld so rivets or bolts are used to attach the tubing. In contrast Aircraft fabric cleaning, cleaning ultralight aircraft sails, how to clean dacron sail cloth used on ultralights and light sport aircraft. Hier finden Sie die Allgemeine Luftfahrt Produkte der Firma LANITZ-PRENA FOLIEN FACTORY GmbH. Dealer: Orlando Sanford Aircraft Sales, North American Distributor American Affordable Aircraft Vision - Plans, Two seat, Low wing, Composite, Trigear or tailwheel Ameri-Cana Ultralights Eureka - Kit, Single seat, Low wing, Composite & metal, Tailwheel, Ultralight American Hatz Association Kelly-D - Two seat, Biplane, Wood, tube & fabric, Tailwheel Hatz CB-1 - Two seat, Biplane, Wood, tube May 20, 2024 · SF104A Non-Certified Fabric - A lightweight version of the SF102 fabric. This is why some manufacturers entrust us making sails for their own customers as a 'third-party sailmaker'. 8oz. We are doing seminars and have a customer airplane on display. The sailcloth sock is lightweight, has a tear resistant weave and an ‘optional extra’ clear plastic coating (Mylar). The pilot had been working on the ultralight aircraft for about an hour; he then took off, flew for about 10 minutes, and landed. For example: Main Color #1 – Red, Secondary Color #2 – white, #3, yellow, etc…” Whether you’re new to ultralight backpacking or you read my Intro to Ultralight article, you’ve probably been bombarded with far too many name brand fabrics all claiming to be the latest, greatest, lightest…the list goes on. It is also used for reinforcing closed plywood structures. Also used to test struts for inside rusting as required by FAA on all Piper aircraft with struts. In a very broad sense, new aircraft kits have barely kept up with inflation and the pre-COVID-19 appreciation of certified aircraft. Looking to build a new ultralight airplane? Or maybe even a very basic wood and fabric experimental aircraft that qualifies under the light sport regs? Simplex Aeroplanes is pleased to continue to offer aircraft plans and aircraft kits for both the Simplex Cloudster and Simplex Zing aircraft originally designed back … Continue reading → This custom-woven fabric style is approved under STC SA4503NM and available for installation on approved certified aircraft as listed on FAA Approved Model List No. SF101 Specs: Description Cert The kit includes the spring loaded tester, AND the Machined Metal Tip for testing the Dacron fabric. 7 oz. Oct 12, 2022 · Almost all modern aircraft fabric is made from polyester. May 21, 2014 · Oratex is based on a woven polyester fabric, but unlike other aircraft fabric systems the weave filler, UV protection, and color coats are added at the factory. The Aerolite103 is the number 1 selling Ultralight on the market and has a proven safety factor. The wing construction started in April of 2009. patreon. 102 Medium is used on the vast majority of GA aircraft and is the most popular fabric we sell. Most common fabric weight used on the majority of all GA light aircraft. To help you get past all the marketing and purchase the best gear for your trips, I’ve compiled a list of some common fabric types along with a basic explanation Jun 13, 2018 · Even though aluminum is by far the most popular material used as the skin of an airplane, there has been a resurgence in the popularity of fabric covering that parallels the growing interest in Cub-like kit airplanes. It turned out to be a whole new experience. Sold in linear yard increments that are 72″ wide. Sold by the yard. A good sail will tear only when severely punched by jagged material from the accident, not due to the shear loads from the impact with an object. / lightsportandultralightflyer - Help support the Light Sport & Ultralight Flyer by becoming a Patron, contributions start at as little as $1. ultralight. The fading of the sail definitely means degradation has occurred. The most obvious benefit being the cost savings. 7 ounce per square yard, FAA-approved, and it is used with most certified aircraft. The 104 fabric is an uncertified lightweight fabric that's 1. 101 Heavy is generally used on larger, faster aircraft Oratex®: A Better Aircraft Fabric Oshkosh 2021 We are back for Oshkosh 2021! Booth 300 as always. Covering An Ultralight \u0016 By Ron Alexander Choosing the proper topcoat for a fabric airplane causes more concerns and more problems than any other area. Which one should you use? What are the differences—or similarities—between them? Have you ever been confused by these terms? Let’s cover this topic once and for all. 1. The building demonstration in our video set resulted in the ultralight weighing 5 lbs over this limit. Don't wait! Lead times vary. (i. From preparing the airplane for covering to spray-ing on the colors, you are guided step by step through the entire process by a At Superflite our original all-urethane aircraft covering process is functional and long-lasting to achieve that award-winning finish you want. POLY-FIBER MANUAL LINK Specification Covering An Ultralight \u0016 By Ron Alexander Choosing the proper topcoat for a fabric airplane causes more concerns and more problems than any other area. Discover what shapes the future of ultralight aircraft. Covering a Badland Aircraft F-3 Ultralight Aircraft wing with Oratex UL600 fabric, start to finish. The spar mold was built up using sections of MDF board. Student pilot to irate instructor: "Think about it. The SF101 is our certified heavy weight fabric, measures 72 inches wide, and is sold by the linear yard. Follow Us On Facebook Get all the latest updates on our public Facebook group -- BetterAircraftFabric -- Lots of photos and customer comments! Proven Safe and Effective Oratex is proven safe. It arrives ready to use, making it easy to apply while ensuring remarkable durability and stability. Introduction to Oratex6000 & OratexUL600 for Pipers, Maules, Stinsons, Citabrias, T-crafts, Huskies, Fairchilds, Pitts, Chiefs & Champs, Ultralights. If the fabric on your craft is loose it can be tightened somewhat by using a hot iron and passing it carefully and quickly over the fabric. Fabric and Paint Is it fair to expect a first-time builder to be able to fabric cover their aircraft? Yes! My videos show the step-by-step process for covering this ultralight with the extra-lightweight Poly-Fiber fabric using water-based glue from Stewart Systems. S. Poly-Fiber has options for every aircraft from a simple ultralight to the most sophisticated Oct 8, 2024 · Explore the design principles of ultralights, focusing on materials, aerodynamics, and innovative technologies. 8 oz Decron fabric I managed to pick up from Aircraft Spruce. The two biggest departures from standard Air-Tech’s Bever Borne explains the use of the Q. Oratex Oratex is an innovative, water-based, solvent-free, pre-coloured aircraft covering system. I originally had a roll that came with the other set of wings I got when I purchased the engine and fuselage. Fabric Tester on dacron fabric. Testing wing fabric, how to test your ultralight aircraft wings fabric. Recommended for covering plywood surfaces on any aircraft and any ultralight aircraft. LANITZ-AVIATION, der Onlineshop für das innovative Flugzeug-Bespanngewebe ORATEX und Zubehör. Minutes later witnesses observed the ultralight in level flight and at about We make Dacron sails for ultralight planeOur workshop is equipped with a digital computer controlled LASER plotter, allowing us to offer a high quality, perfect and a high precision skin that even the original manufacturers can't meet. xloh ruy xuk amqbdhe btob epcfdxr vzxy reqajwo jitoxpc tbgec
|